Keyboard Modifiers
| macOS Keyboard Shortcuts | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| ⌘Cmd | Command | Primary modifier key. Used in most keyboard shortcuts. |
| ⌥Option | Option (Alt) | Secondary modifier key. Uncomments alternative functions. |
| ⇧Shift | Shift | Modifier key for selecting, combining, and changing functions. |
| ⇪CapsLock | Caps Lock | Case switch. When combined with modifiers, they perform special functions. |
| ⌃Ctrl | Control | Modifier key for system and terminal commands. |
| ⎋Esc | Escape | Cancel the current action, exit full-screen mode. |
| ⇥Tab | Tab | Switches focus between elements, autocompletes in the terminal. |
| ⌫Backspace | Delete | Delete the character to the left of the cursor. |
| ⏎Enter | Return | Confirm an action, execute a command, or break a line. |
| ↑Up | Up Arrow | Navigate up, previous command in terminal history. |
| ↓Down | Down Arrow | Navigate down, next command in terminal history. |
| ←Left | Left Arrow | Navigate left, cursor movement. |
| →Right | Right Arrow | Navigate to the right, move the cursor. |
| Fn | Function / Globe | Switches to the function keys F1–F12, Page Up/Down, Home/End. |
| Space | Space (Space) | Quick Look — quickly preview a selected file in Finder. |
Basic Shortcuts
| macOS Keyboard Shortcuts | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Basic | ||
| ⌘Cmd + X | Cut | Cut the selected item and copy it to the clipboard. |
| ⌘Cmd + C | Copy | Copy the selected item to the clipboard. |
| ⌘Cmd + V | Paste | Paste the contents of the clipboard into the current document. |
| ⌘Cmd + Z | Undo | Undo the last action. |
| ⌘Cmd + ⇧Shift + Z | Redo | Redo the undone action. |
| ⌘Cmd + A | Select All | Select all elements in the document or window. |
| ⌘Cmd + F | Find | Open the search field or find an element in the document. |
| ⌘Cmd + G | Find Again | Find the next occurrence. ⌘Cmd + ⇧Shift + G — previous. |
| ⌘Cmd + H | Hide App | Hide windows of the current application. ⌘Cmd + ⌥Option + H — hide all but the active window. |
| ⌘Cmd + M | Minimize | Minimize window to the Dock. ⌘Cmd + ⌥Option + M — Minimize all application windows. |
| ⌘Cmd + O | Open | Open the selected item or file selection dialog. |
| ⌘Cmd + P | Open the Print dialog box. | |
| ⌘Cmd + Q | Quit | Close the current application. |
| ⌘Cmd + S | Save | Save the current document. |
| ⌘Cmd + T | New Tab | Open a new tab in the application. |
| ⌘Cmd + W | Close Window | Close the active window. ⌘Cmd + ⌥Option + W — close all windows. |
| ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + Esc | Force Quit | Force quit a frozen application. |
| ⌘Cmd + Space | Spotlight | Show/hide the Spotlight search field. |
| ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + Space | Spotlight in Finder | Perform a Spotlight search from the Finder window. |
| ⌃Ctrl + ⌘Cmd + Space | Character Viewer | Open panel Emoji and symbols. |
| ⌃Ctrl + ⌘Cmd + F | Full Screen | Toggle full-screen mode (supported by apps). |
| ⌘Cmd + Tab | Switch App | Switch to the last used application. |
| ⌘Cmd + ` | Switch Window | Switch between windows of the current application. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + 5 | Screenshot / Recording | Screenshot or screen recording (macOS Mojave and later). ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + 3 — full screenshot. ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + 4 — region. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + N | New Folder | Create a new folder in Finder. |
| ⌃Ctrl + ⌘Cmd + N | New Smart Folder | Create a folder containing the currently selected group elements. |
| ⌘Cmd + , | Preferences | Open the current application's preferences. |
| Fn + Q | Quick Note | Create a quick note (Quick Note). |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + 3 | Screenshot Full Screen | Screenshot of the entire screen. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + 4 | Screenshot Selection | Screenshot of the selected area of the screen. |
| ⌃Ctrl + Space | Switch Input Source | Switch the input source (when using multiple languages). |
| ⌃Ctrl + ⌥Option + Space | Switch Previous Input | Switch to the previous input source. |
Sleep, Wake, and Terminate
| macOS Keyboard Shortcuts | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Power and Wake | ||
| Power Button | Power On / Wake | Press to turn on or wake your Mac. On keyboards with Touch ID, press to lock the screen. |
| Hold down the power button | Force Off | Force shut down your Mac (if unresponsive). |
| Hold down the power button for 1.5 seconds | Sleep (built-in) | On built-in keyboards, noTouch ID — put to sleep. |
| ⌃Ctrl + ⇧Shift + Power button | Sleep Display | On built-in keyboards without Touch ID — put the displays to sleep. |
| ⌃Ctrl + Power button | Sleep / Restart / Shut Down | Show dialog: reboot, sleep, or shut down. |
| ⌃Ctrl + ⌘Cmd + Power button | Force Restart | Force restart without saving documents. |
| ⌃Ctrl + ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + Power button | Shut Down | Close all apps, then shut down your Mac. Asks about saving documents. |
| ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + Power button | Sleep (built-in keyboard) | On built-in keyboards without Touch ID, put to sleep. |
| Lock and log out | ||
| ⌃Ctrl + ⌘Cmd + Q | Lock Screen | Lock the screen immediately. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + Q | Log Out | Log out of account records. Will ask for confirmation. |
| ⌥Option + ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + Q | Log Out without confirmation | Log out of your account without confirmation. |
| ⌥Option (when selected from the menu) ) | No confirmation | Complete the action (Logout, Shut Down, Restart) without a confirmation dialog. |
Finder and system hotkeys
| macOS Hotkeys | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Files and folders | ||
| ⌘Cmd + D | Duplicate | Duplicate the selected files. |
| ⌘Cmd + E | Eject | Unmount the selected disk or volume. |
| ⌘Cmd + I | Get Info | Open the "Properties" window for the selected file. |
| ⌘Cmd + R | Show Original / Refresh | (1) In Finder — show the original for an alias. (2) In Safari/Calendar — refresh the page. |
| ⌘Cmd + Delete | Move to Trash | Move the selected item to the Trash. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + Delete | Empty Trash | Empty Trash. |
| ⌥Option + ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + Delete | Empty Trash without confirmation | Empty Trash without confirmation dialog. |
| Navigation in Finder | ||
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + C | Computer | Open the Computer window (all drives). |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + D | Desktop | Open the Desktop folder. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + F | Recents | Open the Recent files window. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + G | Go to Folder | Open the Go to Folder window. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + H | Home | Open the current user's home folder. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + I | iCloud Drive | Open iCloud Drive. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + K | Network | Open network window. |
| ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + L | Downloads | Open downloads folder. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + O | Documents | Open the Documents folder. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + R | AirDrop | Open the AirDrop window. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + U | Utilities | Open the Utilities folder. |
| View and panels | ||
| ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + D | Dock | Hide/show Dock. |
| ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + P | Path Bar | Hide/show the path bar in Finder windows. |
| ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + S | Sidebar | Hide/show the sidebar in Finder windows. |
| ⌘Cmd + / | Status Bar | Hide/show the status bar in Finder windows. |
| ⌘Cmd + J | View Options | Open view options. |
| ⌘Cmd + 1 | Icons | Display items as icons. |
| ⌘Cmd + 2 | List | Display items as a list. |
| ⌘Cmd + 3 | Columns | Display items in columns. |
| ⌘Cmd + 4 | Gallery | Display items in the gallery. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + T | Tab Bar | Hide/show the tab bar. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + P | Preview Pane | Hide/show the preview pane in Finder windows. |
| ⌘Cmd + [ | Previous Folder | Go to the previous folder. |
| ⌘Cmd + ] | Next Folder | Go to the next folder. |
| ⌘Cmd + ↑Up | Parent Folder | Open the folder containing the current one. |
| ⌘Cmd + ↓Down | Open Selected | Open the selected item. |
| →Right | Open Folder (list) | Open the selected folder (only in the list). |
| ←Left | Close Folder (list) | Close the selected folder (list only). |
| Special Actions | ||
| ⌘Cmd + K | Connect to Server | Open the server connection window. |
| ⌘Cmd + N | New Finder Window | Open a new Finder window. |
| ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + N | New Smart Folder | Create a new smart folder. |
| ⌘Cmd + ⌥Option + T | Toolbar (single tab) | Hide/show the toolbar (single tab). |
| ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + V | Move from Clipboard | Move files from the clipboard from the original location to the current location. |
| ⌘Cmd + Y | Quick Look | Quickly preview selected files. |
| ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + Y | Quick Look Slideshow | Start a quick look slideshow. |
| ⌘Cmd + ⌥Option + Brightness Down | Mirror Displays | Enable/disable video mirroring for multiple displays. |
| ⌥Option + Brightness Up | Displays Settings | Open display settings. |
| ⌃Ctrl + Brightness Up / Brightness Down | External Display Brightness | Change the brightness of the external display (if supported). |
| ⌥Option + ⇧Shift + Brightness Up / Brightness Down | Fine Brightness Control | Finely adjust display brightness. |
| ⌥Option + Mission Control | Mission Control Settings | Open Mission Control settings. |
| ⌘Cmd + Mission Control or Fn + F11 | Show Desktop | Show desktop. |
| ⌃Ctrl + ↑Up | Mission Control | Open Mission Control. |
| ⌃Ctrl + ↓Down | Show All Windows | Show all windows of the current application. |
| Fn + A | Show/Hide Dock | Hide/show the Dock. |
| Fn + C | Control Center | Hide/show Control Center. |
| Fn + D | Dictation | Start or stop dictation. |
| Fn + N | Notification Center | Hide/show Notification Center. |
| Fn + Fn | Character Viewer | Open the Character panel. |
| ⌃Ctrl + ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + T | Add to Dock | Add the selected Finder item to the Dock. |
| ⌥Option + Volume Up> | Sound Settings | Open sound settings. |
| ⌥Option + ⇧Shift + Volume Up / Volume Down> | Fine Volume Control | Fine volume control. |
| ⌥Option + Keyboard Brightness Up | Keyboard Settings | Open keyboard settings. |
| ⌥Option + ⇧Shift + Keyboard Brightness Up / Keyboard Brightness Down | Fine Keyboard Brightness | Finely adjust keyboard brightness. |
| ⌘Cmd + click the window title | Folder Path | Show folders containing the current folder. |
| Fn + ⇧Shift + A | Show Apps / Launchpad | Show apps (macOS Tahoe 26+) or Launchpad (earlier). |
| ⌘Cmd + ⌘Cmd (twice) | Type to Siri | Turn Type to Siri on/off. |
| ⌃Ctrl + Space | Switch Input Source | Select the next input source (when using multiple languages). |
| ⌃Ctrl + ⌥Option + Space | Switch Previous Input | Select the previous input source. |
Keyboard Shortcuts: Working with Text
| macOS Keyboard Shortcuts | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Text Formatting | ||
| ⌘Cmd + B | Bold | Bold text. |
| ⌘Cmd + I | Italic | Italicize text. |
| ⌘Cmd + U | Underline | Underline text. |
| ⌘Cmd + T | Fonts | Open/hide the fonts window. |
| ⌘Cmd + K | Add Link | Add a web link to the selected text. |
| ⌃Ctrl + ⌘Cmd + D | Define | Show the definition of the selected word. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + : | Spelling and Grammar | Open the spelling and grammar window. |
| ⌘Cmd + ; | Find Misspelled | Find spelling errors in the document. |
| ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + F | Go to Search | Go to the search field. |
| ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + T | Toolbar | Hide/show the application toolbar. |
| Delete | ||
| ⌥Option + ⌫Delete | Delete Word | Delete the word to the left of the cursor. |
| ⌃Ctrl + H | Delete Backward | Delete the character to the left of the cursor (similar to Delete). |
| ⌃Ctrl + D | Delete Forward | Delete character to the right of the cursor. Also: Fn + ⌫Delete. |
| ⌃Ctrl + K | Kill Line | Cut text from the cursor to the end of the paragraph. |
| ⌃Ctrl + Y | Yank | Insert text from the kill ring (within the current application). |
| Cursor Navigation | ||
| Fn + ↑Up | Page Up | Scroll up one pagenitsa. |
| Fn + ↓Down | Page Down | Scroll down one page. |
| Fn + ←Left | Home | Go to the beginning of the document. |
| Fn + →Right | End | Go to the end of the document. |
| ⌘Cmd + ↑Up | Beginning of Document | Move the cursor to the beginning of the document. |
| ⌘Cmd + ↓Down | End of Document | Move the cursor to the end of the document. |
| ⌘Cmd + ←Left | Beginning of Line | Move the cursor to the beginning of the line. |
| ⌘Cmd + →Right | End of Line | Move the cursor to the end of the line. |
| ⌥Option + ←Left | Previous Word | Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word. |
| ⌥Option + →Right | Next Word | Move cursor to the end of the next word. |
| Selection | ||
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + ↑Up | Select to Beginning | Select text from the cursor to the beginning of the document. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + ↓Down | Select to End | Select text from the cursor to the end of the document. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + ←Left | Select to Line Start | Select text from the cursor to the beginning of the line. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + →Right | Select to Line End | Select text from the cursor to the end of the line. |
| ⇧Shift + ↑Up | Select Line Up | Select to the nearest character on the line above. |
| ⇧Shift + ↓Down | Select Line Down | Select to the nearest character on the line below. |
| ⇧Shift + ←Left | Select Char Left | Select one character to the left. |
| ⇧Shift + →Right | Select Char Right | SelectOne character to the right. |
| ⌥Option + ⇧Shift + ↑Up | Select Paragraph Up | Select to the beginning of the current paragraph, then the next. |
| ⌥Option + ⇧Shift + ↓Down | Select Paragraph Down | Select to the end of the current paragraph, then the next one. |
| ⌥Option + ⇧Shift + ←Left | Select Word Left | Select to the beginning of the current word, then the next. |
| ⌥Option + ⇧Shift + →Right | Select Word Right | Select to the end of the current word, then the next. |
| Emacs Emulation (Control) | ||
| ⌃Ctrl + A | Move to Line Start | Go to the beginning of the line (similar to Home). |
| ⌃Ctrl + E | Move to Line End | Go to the end of the line (similar to End). |
| ⌃Ctrl + F | Move Forward | Move forward one character. |
| ⌃Ctrl + B | Move Backward | Move backward one character. |
| ⌃Ctrl + L | Center Cursor | Center the cursor in the visible area. |
| ⌃Ctrl + P | Move Up | Move up one line. |
| ⌃Ctrl + N | Move Down | Move down one line. |
| ⌃Ctrl + O | Insert Line | Insert a new line after the cursor. |
| ⌃Ctrl + T | Swap Characters | Swap characters around the cursor. |
| Text alignment | ||
| ⌘Cmd + { | Left Align | Left-align text. |
| ⌘Cmd + } | Right Align | Right-align text. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + | | Center Align | Center text. |
| ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + C | Copy Style | Copy the formatting of the selected element. |
| ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + V | Paste Style | Apply copied stor to the selected element. |
| ⌥Option + ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + V | Paste and Match Style | Paste with formatting of surrounding content. |
| ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + I | Inspector | Open/hide the inspector window. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + P | Page Setup | Open the page setup window. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + S | Save As / Duplicate | Open the “Save As” dialog or duplicate the document. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + - | Decrease Size | Decrease the size of the selected element. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + + | Increase Size | Increase the size of the selected element. |
| ⌘Cmd + = | Increase Size (alt) | Increase the size of the selected item (alternative shortcut). |
| ⌘Cmd + D | Desktop from Dialog | Select a desktop folder from the Open/Save dialog. |
| ⌃Ctrl + Tab | Next Control (text field) | Go to the next control when a text field is selected. |
| ⌃Ctrl + ⇧Shift + Tab | Previous Control Group | Go to the previous group of controls. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + ? | Help | Open the application's help. |
Keyboard Shortcuts: Accessibility
| macOS Keyboard Shortcuts | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Vision | ||
| ⌃Ctrl + ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + 8 | Invert Colors | Invert screen colors. |
| ⌃Ctrl + ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + , | Reduce Contrast | Reduce screen contrast. |
| ⌃Ctrl + ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + . | Increase Contrast | Increase screen contrast. |
| Keyboard Focus | ||
| ⌃Ctrl + F2 | Focus Menu Bar | Move Focusa piece on the menu. Arrows — navigation, Enter — open. |
| ⌃Ctrl + F3 | Focus Dock | Move focus to the Dock. |
| ⌃Ctrl + F4 | Focus Window | Move focus to the active window. |
| ⌃Ctrl + F5 | Focus Toolbar | Move focus to the window's toolbar. |
| ⌃Ctrl + F6 | Focus Floating Window | Move focus to a floating window. |
| ⌃Ctrl + ⇧Shift + F6 | Focus Previous Panel | Move focus to the previous panel. |
| ⌃Ctrl + F7 | Tab Navigation | Change the behavior of the tab: between all elements or only text fields. |
| ⌃Ctrl + F8 | Status Menu | Move focus to the status menu in the menu bar. |
| ⌘Cmd + ` | Next Window | Activate the next open window in the application. |
| ⇧Shift + ⌘Cmd + ` | Previous Window | Activate the previously open window in the application. |
| ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + ` | Window Drawer | Move focus to the drawer window. |
| Other | ||
| ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + F5 | Accessibility Panel | Open the accessibility hotkey panel. |
| Triple-tap Touch ID | Accessibility Panel | Open the accessibility hotkey panel. |
| ⌥Option + Double-Click | Open in Separate Window | Open the item in a separate window, then close the original. |
| ⌘Cmd + Double-Click | Open in Tab | Open the folder in a new tab or window. |
| ⌘Cmd + Double-Click and Drag | Move Across Volumes | Move the item to another volume (instead of copying it). |
| ⌥Option + Drag | Copy on Drag | Copy the dragged item. The cursor changes. |
| ⌥Option + ⌘Cmd + drag | Alias on Drag | Create an alias for the dragged element. The cursor changes. |
| ⌥Option + click the opening triangle | Open All Subfolders | Open all subfolders (list only). |
macOS Terminal Commands
| Command Execution | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| File System | ||
| ls | File List | Display directory contents. Flags: -la (all files with details), -lha (human-readable size). |
| cd | Change Directory | Go to the specified directory. cd ~ — home, cd - — previous. |
| pwd | Current Directory | Print the full path to the current working directory. |
| mkdir | Create Directory | Create a directory. The -p flag creates nested directories. |
| touch | Create File | Create an empty file or update the modification time of an existing one. |
| cp | Copy | Copy files/directories. The -R flag is recursive. |
| mv | Move | Move or rename a file/directory. |
| rm | Delete | Delete files/directories. The -rf flag is forced recursive. |
| cat | File contents | Display the file contents to the terminal. |
| less | Pagination | Display the file contents one page at a time. q — exit. |
| head | Start of file | Display the first 10 lines of the file. The -n N flag — N lines. |
| tail | End of file | Display the last 10 lines. The -f flag enables real-time tracking. |
| find | File search | Find files by criteria. Example: find . -name "*.log" -mtime -1 — files from the last 24 hours. |
| du -sh | Directory size | Show directory size in human-readable format. |
| df -h | Disk Space | Show free space on mounted volumes. |
| tar | Archive | Create/unzip an archive. tar -czf (create gzip) / tar -xz (unzip). |
| ditto | Copy (macOS) | macOS equivalent of tar. Preserves metadata and resources. ditto source dest. |
| Processes and Services | ||
| ps aux | List Processes | Display all running processes with detailed information. |
| pgrep | Find a Process | Find a PID by process name. pgrep -f pattern — full pattern match. |
| kill | Kill process | Kill process by PID. kill -9 PID — force kill (SIGKILL). |
| killall | Kill by name | Kill all processes with the specified name. killall -HUP nginx — restart. |
| top | Monitoring | Real-time process monitoring. q — exit. o — filter. |
| htop | Advanced Monitoring | Interactive MonitoringTorring (installed via Homebrew). brew install htop. |
| lsof | Open Files | List of open files and sockets. lsof -i :8080 — processes on port 8080. |
| netstat | Network Connections | Network connections, routing tables. netstat -an | grep ESTABLISHED. |
| launchctl list | Launchd Services | List of running launchd services (macOS daemon aggregator). |
| sudo launchctl bootstrap | Load Service | Load/Reload the launchd service. Requires sudo. |
| Network | ||
| ping | Availability Check | Check host availability. ping -c 4 google.com — 4 packets. |
| traceroute | Routing | Show the path of packets to the host. |
| ifconfig | Network Interfaces | Configure and display network interfaces. IP addresses, masks. |
| ipconfig getaddrinfo | DNS Resolve | Resolve DNS. ipconfig getaddrinfo example.com. |
| scutil | System Controller | Manage Network Settings. scutil --dns — Show DNS settings. |
| curl | HTTP Requests | Data Transfer. curl -I https://example.com — response headers. |
| networksetup | Network setup | Network setup from the terminal. networksetup -listallhardwareports. |
| nslookup | DNS Query | DNS query for the specified domain. |
| dig | DNS Query (Advanced) | Advanced DNS Query. dig example.com ANY. |
| ssh | SSH connection | Remote connection. ssh user@host -p 22. |
| scp | SCP transfer | Copying via SSH. scp file user@host:/path. |
| sftp | SFTP session | Interactive FTP over SSH. sftp user@host. |
| System Information | ||
| sw_vers | macOS Version | Show macOS version and build. |
| system_profiler | System Profile | Detailed system information. system_profiler SPHardwareDataType — Hardware. |
| uname -a | Kernel | Show kernel and OS information. |
| hostname | Hostname | Show or set the hostname. |
| uptime | Uptime | System uptime and load average. |
| sysctl | Kernel Parameters | Show/set kernel parameters. sysctl -a — all parameters. |
| diskutil list | Disks | List of all disks and partitions. |
| diskutil info | Disk Information | Detailed disk information. diskutil info /. |
| pmset -g | Power | Power saving settings. pmset -g custom — detailed. |
| powermetrics | Power Metrics | Power and thermal metrics. Requires sudo. |
| memory_pressure | Memory Pressure | Show memory usage and swap. |
| fs_usage | FS Usage | Real-time file system monitoring. Requires sudo. |
| Privileges and Security | ||
| whoami | Current User | Show the current user's name. |
| id | UID/GID | Show the current user's UID, GID, and groups. |
| sudo | Superuser do | Run command as root. Prompts for password. |
| chmod | Change permissions | Change access permissions. chmod 755 file, chmod +x script.sh. |
| chown | Change owner | Change the owner/group of a file. chown user:group file. |
| xattr | Extended Attributes | Managing Extended Attributes (Quarantine). xattr -d com.apple.quarantine app. |
| spctl | Gatekeeper | Managing Gatekeeper. spctl --master-disable — disable application verification. |
| tccutil | TCC Permissions | Manage accessibility permissions. tccutil reset All — reset everything. |
| security find-identity | Signature List | Show signature codes and trusted chains. |
| codesign | Code Signature | Code Verification/Signature codesign -dv app — information. |
| Text Search and Analysis | ||
| grep | Text Search | Find strings by pattern. grep -ri "pattern" . — recursive, case-insensitive. |
| awk | Text Field Processing | Text Data Processing Language. awk '{print $1}' file — first field. |
| sed | Stream Editor | Find and replace in a stream. sed -i '' 's/old/new/g' file. |
| sort | Sorting | Sorting strings. sort -n -r — numerical descending. |
| uniq | Unique rows | Remove duplicates. sort file | uniq. |
| wc | Line count | Line, word, and byte counter. wc -l file. |
| xargs | Arguments from stdin | Pass standard input as arguments. find . -name "*.log" | xargs grep "error". |
| jq | JSON Processor | Parsing JSON in the terminal. cat data.json | jq '.key'. |
| plutil | Plist Parsing | Reading/Writing macOS plist files. plutil -p config.plist — output. |
| Homebrew and Packages | ||
| brew --version | Homebrew version | Show the installed Homebrew version. |
| brew install | Install package | Install package. brew install wget. |
| brew uninstall | Uninstall package | Uninstall package. brew uninstall pkg. |
| brew update | Update Homebrew | Update the Homebrew repository list. |
| brew upgrade | Update packages | Update all installed packages. brew upgrade pkg — one package. |
| brew search | Search for packages | Search for packages in the repository. brew search pattern. |
| brew list | Installed packages | Show all installed packages. |
| brew info | Package information | Detailed package information. |
| brew deps | Dependencies | Show package dependencies. brew deps --tree pkg. |
| brew doctor | Installation check | Check Homebrew for problems. |
| brew cleanup | Cleanup | Remove old package versions and cache. |
| brew services list | Homebrew Services | Show all services managed by Homebrew. |